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So, novel approaches of semisolid dosage form can be classified according to there approaches:
a.) BIOLOGICAL MEANS
1. NANOPARTICLES USED IN DERMAL APPLICATION
Nanoparticulate systems able to control release and to improve targeting to skin are innovative common topics both in pharmaceutical and cosmetic field. Liposomes are of course the best known nanoparticulate systems. Several studies demonstrated their efficacy as drug delivery systems for topical administration ways The well characterized liposome vesicles can host different molecules in the bilayer, on the surface or in the inner of their structure. Since liposome composition and structure strictly resemble to the stratum corneum, percutaneous administration of this vehicle leads to deposition of lipidic components from which liposome load can be slowly release. As an alternative to liposome, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) represent innovative drug carrier systems firstly designed for i.v. administration and recently investigated for transdermal application. Many studies have been demonstrated the efficiency of liposomes as drug carriers for different administration ways. Nevertheless liposomes are characterized by some drawbacks such as the limited physical stability. Recently some alternative nanodispersed systems have been developed, such as SLN, Ethosomes and cubosomes. SLN possess interesting features as nanotechnology systems for a wide spectrum of application. Their solid matrix allows protection of chemically labile agents from degradation. The use of SLN in dermatics seems very attractive due to the lipophilic character of their components improved skin hydration is conferred due to adhesive and coherent film formation exherting occlusive properties. Moreover, SLN may also enhance the effects of active compounds in cosmetics. Ethosomes are attracting systems able to solubilize different kind of molecules and to enhance their delivery through the skin due to the presence of ethanol. Moreover their physical stability improves their use with respect to liposomes. Bicontinuous cubic liquid crystalline phases, either in bulk or cubosome form, offer unique properties of particular interest to the personal care industry. Cubic phase materials can be formed by simple combination of biologically compatible lipids and water and are thus well-suited for use in treatments of skin, hair, and other body tissue. Dermal application of personal care products containing cubosomes is particularly interesting due to the possible stratum corneum-cubosome interaction recently demonstrated.
2. LIPOSOMES
Liposomes were discovered in the early 1960’s and subsequently studied as cell membrane models. They have since gained recognition in the field of drug delivery. The particle size of liposomes ranges from 20 nm to 10 μm in diameter. Liposomes vary in charge and in size depending on their manufacturing protocol and type of (phospho) lipid bilayer used (the small unilamellar vesicle [SUV] size range is 0.02 -0.05 μm, the large unilamellar vesicles [LUV] size range is greater than 0.06 μm and the multilamellar vesicle [MLV] size range is 0.1 – 0.5 µm). The physicochemical characteristics of the liposomes, like particle size, lamellarity, surface charge, sensitivity of pH changes and bilayer rigidity can be manipulated. Liposomes showed promising result in the drug delivery but their applicability is limited primarily to specific use because of short half-life in blood circulation. The circulation time of liposomes in the blood stream is dramatically increased by attaching polyethylene glycol (PEG) units to the bilayer, known as long circulating (Stealth) liposomes.Physical methods such as iontophoresis, ultrasound, and tape-stripping can further assist the delivery of drugs encapsulated in liposomes. Recent breakthroughs with liposomes are beneficial to topically applied permeants, especially for dermatological medications, cosmetic ingredients, and protein/peptide macromolecules. The current review emphasizes the potential of various novel drug delivery strategies like liposomes, niosomes, aspasomes, microsponges, microemulsions, hydrogels proniosome gel formulations, and solid lipid nanoparticles in optimizing and enhancing the topical delivery of antiacne agents. it may be concluded from the study that complex lipid molecules, transfersomes, can increase the transdermal flux, prolong the release, and improve the site specificity of bioactive molecules.
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